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Searing statements in this week’s landmark Intergovernmental Panel on navigate here Climate order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor Change (IPCC) report are particularly alarming, considering the characteristically cautious language of science. The first consensus of the document’s 234 authors. It is “unequivocal” that humanity’s burning of fossil fuels has caused climate change order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor. In fact, data reconstructions in the report indicate that Earth’s average surface temperature has likely not been this warm over a long period in about 125,000 years [see “Change in Global Surface Temperature”].

The latest IPCC report pulls no punches in describing the consequences of rising greenhouse gas emissions, noted Kim Cobb, a climate scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology and one of the assessment’s lead authors, at a prerelease briefing for journalists. With more certainty than past IPCC reports, Cobb and her co-authors conclude that climate change is already driving extreme heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfalls and tropical order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor cyclones across the globe. In all possible emissions scenarios studied, temperatures will rise until at least 2050 and are likely to surpass 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2040. But if emissions are brought to net zero by 2050—meaning that any released greenhouse gases are balanced by the amounts removed from the atmosphere—warming can still be limited to 1.5 degrees C over the course of this century.

The nearly 4,000-page order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor document, which cites more than 14,000 studies, is the IPCC’s first major assessment of the state of climate science since 2013. The report’s certainty is based not only on a better understanding of Earth’s climate system but also on investigations into its climatic past. Data from corals, tree rings, cores extracted from ice or marine sediments, and other sources allow paleoclimate researchers such as Cobb to peer beyond modern records and into ancient worlds, generating crucial insights for climate science and forecasts today. Scientific American spoke with Cobb about the role order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor of paleoclimate data in refining the IPCC’s new report and the importance of providing context for Earth’s current warming.

[An edited transcript of the interview follows.] Why is it important to look at our climatic past?. Given that climate records from instrumental measurements often only go back 50 years—sometimes maybe 100 or 150—we cannot really capture the full breadth of natural variability in Earth’s climate system. What we can do with order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor paleoclimate archives is extend that record back in time. Now we have enough records across many sites in the world to make large-scale averages—the kind that allow us to directly make comparisons with what’s going on today across the planet.

It’s important to provide that context for just how quickly things are changing today and how unusual this is. How was paleoclimate research put order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor to use in this new report?. Paleoclimate research has been part of every IPCC assessment since the first one in 1990. The difference here is that rather than being relegated to its own chapter, there’s an attempt to integrate these lines of evidence into every aspect of the order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor report.

Climate scientists across every discipline now understand the richness of information available from paleoclimate sources. The field has matured in recent decades to deliver quantitative information that lends itself to the types of quantitative analyses that are most common in studies of current climate change. Do any precedents exist in the geologic record order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor for the climatic changes we are seeing today?. It’s interesting to look at a time around 125,000 years ago, during the last interglacial period.

Our best estimates of temperature increases during that interval are about one to two degrees Celsius—not unlike where we’re parked today, at roughly one degree C warmer than preindustrial times. Back then, the increases were driven by changes in Earth’s orbit with respect to the sun, and the warming was sustained for long enough over many order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor thousands of years to elicit melting of the Greenland ice sheet, driving global sea levels five to 10 meters higher. These numbers are big exclamation marks on where our planet has been in the not-too-distant geologic past and on where we’re headed in the long term as Earth fully responds to the levels of warming we’re already at. None of Earth’s past warm periods is an appropriate analogue for what we’re seeing today, however.

The rates of what order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor we’re undertaking right now tend to distinguish current climate change from past changes of this magnitude that have happened over much longer timescales and are caused by natural climate drivers. Credit. Amanda Montañez. Source.

Climate Change 2021. The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. Working Group 1 to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Cambridge University Press (in press) This report has new estimates for an important metric called climate sensitivity. What is that, and how have paleoclimate studies helped in estimating it?. Climate sensitivity is essentially how much warming occurs per unit of carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere. Higher climate sensitivity means more warming for a given CO2 increase, and vice versa.

It’s one of the uncertainties of future emissions impacts, but this report has narrowed its range significantly, relative to past reports. Paleoclimate science can contribute to this conversation around climate sensitivity by looking into the temperature response to past changes in CO2, grounded in data describing the planet’s past climatic conditions. For instance, my colleague Jessica Tierney at the University of Arizona has worked hard to compile a global database of temperatures from the last glacial period, around 20,000 years ago, and used it to come up with estimates for global cooling during that time. We know CO2 very well, so with those two numbers, she and her co-authors were able to calculate estimates for climate sensitivity.

The report forecasts that even if we succeed in limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C, sea levels will continue to rise through 2050. Why is that?. This heating we’ve baked into the atmosphere to date has already permeated into the interior of the ice sheets. The adjustment to the excess heat that we’ve caused—and will yet cause—is going to be imprinted into the continued slow melting of these massive ice sheets for centuries and maybe millennia to come.

The good news is that if we do enact deep and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions right now, we’ll see the benefits of that later this century in the form of reduced rates or magnitudes of sea-level rise. Where do we want the sea level to land?. And do we want to grant as much time as possible to future generations to adapt?. Those are questions we face this decade and the next.

Are any other processes now essentially “locked in” for long timescales?. In general, ocean impacts are going to take longer to reverse. One important impact is ocean acidification—the signature of stored carbon in the ocean. We’ve already altered the chemistry of the upper ocean down to 2,000 meters—almost half its depth in some places.

The carbon won’t magically come out all at once. It will come out as these high-CO2 waters are exposed at the surface to an atmosphere lower in CO2. We have to wait for that exchange to happen because deep waters must be brought to the surface again. It will be a relatively slow process.

That doesn’t conflict with one of the core messages of the report, which is that when we reach net zero emissions, we’ll begin to see an almost immediate and discernible stabilization—if not a reversal—in global warming itself. Many impacts that are directly related to global surface temperatures, such as heat waves, might be some of the earliest to respond. How might paleoclimate research continue to add to our understanding of climate change?. Peering back into the paleoclimate record can help us understand how groups of extremes or cycles have evolved in the recent past and how they might be changing in response to climate change.

It’s becoming increasingly apparent that these approaches are extremely relevant for our climate future. We can turn to archives of past extremes—whether it’s droughts, extreme rainfall, tropical cyclones—or natural climate cycles to understand more about their natural variability over the past centuries to millennia. One example is El Niño events, the warm phases of a natural climate cycle that occurs in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In the past 70 years, we’ve really only seen a handful—10, give or take.

But by looking into the paleoclimate archive of El Niño events, we can analyze hundreds over the past millennia. Just last year, we published a paper documenting an increase in El Niño intensity over recent decades, compared with the preindustrial period. Are there insights that we can draw on for climate optimism these days?. I’m somewhat relieved to see that the rest of the world can come to a level of awareness that I’ve had over the past five to eight years.

When you have to keep up with the science for your day job, you digest it in real time. Now it feels like a little bit of weight has lifted—that at least the rest of the world knows what I do at this moment. That’s a huge relief. I hope that new awareness will spur the kind of action needed to walk that path of deep, sustained emissions reductions that will limit warming and reserve the right to cool later this century.

That’s what I’m fighting for.If the possibility of an asteroid called Bennu slamming into Earth a lifetime from now was keeping you up at night, NASA scientists think you can rest a little easier. The agency’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft spent more than two years closely orbiting the space rock. And with that incredibly detailed view of the asteroid, experts studying potential space rock impacts with Earth have been able to fine-tune their existing models of Bennu’s future. As a result, scientists behind new research now say they’re confident that the asteroid’s total impact probability through 2300 is just 1 in 1,750.

Estimates produced before OSIRIS-REx arrived at the space rock tallied the cumulative probability of a Bennu impact between the years 2175 and 2199 at 1 in 2,700, according to NASA. While a slightly higher risk than past estimates, it represents a minuscule change in an already minuscule risk, NASA said. Technically, that’s a small increase in risk, but the scientists behind the new research say they aren’t worried about a potential impact. And besides, the lessons the research offers for asteroid trajectory calculation could reduce concerns about potential impacts by other asteroids more than enough to compensate.

€œThe impact probability went up just a little bit but it’s not a significant change, the impact probability is pretty much the same,” lead author Davide Farnocchia, who works at NASA’s Center for Near Earth Object Studies in California, said during a news conference held Wednesday (Aug. 11). €œI think that, overall, the situation has improved.” Precision counts OSIRIS-REx (formally known as Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer) launched in September 2016 and slipped into orbit around the asteroid Bennu in December 2018. After its arrival, the spacecraft spent nearly two and a half years studying the space rock from orbit, swooping in, hovering overhead and inspecting the rock in every way possible.

€œThe trajectory of the spacecraft was really amazing—I compare it to a hummingbird,” Dante Lauretta, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona, the principal investigator for OSIRIS-REx and an author on the new research, said during the news conference. €œWe were able to go into orbit, we were able to leave orbit, we were able to get into a variety of imaging angles.” Throughout that time, the spacecraft constantly logged its location with respect to Earth and to the asteroid. Using that data, the team behind the new research were able to fine-tune their understanding of the space rock’s location and movement for nearly two and a half years. The spacecraft’s visit to the asteroid culminated in October 2020, when OSIRIS-REx snatched a sample of Bennu to stash away.

In May, the spacecraft and its precious cargo bid farewell to the asteroid and turned back for Earth, where OSIRIS-REx will deposit the sample capsule in September 2023. The delivery will give scientists the rare opportunity to study asteroid material using all the sophisticated equipment terrestrial laboratories have to offer. But scientists don’t need to get their hands on that sample material to dig into the spacecraft’s two and a half years of observations. Add in astronomers’ work observing Bennu from the ground before OSIRIS-REx was even an idea and scientists have about 20 years of data tracking a single space rock.

Scientists’ models of asteroid trajectories always include some degree of uncertainty, since a multitude of forces tug at a space rock as it rattles around the inner solar system. That uncertainty remains even in the new and improved models of Bennu’s future path, but with the OSIRIS-REx observations, scientists were able to dramatically reduce their uncertainty about Bennu’s fate. Among other factors, the researchers were able to account for the tiny orbital changes that forces like radiation from the sun, the impact of relativity and the gravity of hundreds of other relatively large asteroids whizzing through the neighborhood. In addition to factors like these that affect all solar system objects (albeit to a tiny degree), the team was also able to check the impact of two unusual characteristics of Bennu specifically.

The plumes of dust that regularly shoot off the asteroid and the rock’s interaction with the spacecraft itself. One factor that scientists were particularly concerned about is called the Yarkovsky effect, which is triggered by the constant temperature fluctuations that occur as regions of the asteroid pass in and out of daylight, gently pushing the asteroid. €œThe Yarkovsky effect acting on Bennu is equivalent to the weight of three grapes,” Farnocchia said. €œThat’s what’s really driving the motion of Bennu into the future, because this acceleration is persistent, its effect builds up over time, and it becomes very significant by the time you get to 2135.” However, despite the scientists’ best efforts, predicting Bennu’s course after 2135 is still tricky.

In September of that year, Bennu will swing past Earth—not close enough that there’s any risk of an impact, but certainly close enough that Earth’s gravity could nudge the asteroid a bit on its path. How precisely that dance plays out will shape Bennu’s trajectory over the next decades and centuries. With that remaining uncertainty, and other similar events potentially occurring in the future, the scientists now say that Bennu’s total impact probability through 2300 is about 1 in 1,750, according to a NASA statement about the new research. Within that time period, the most concerning date is Sept.

24, 2182. Even on that day, Bennu’s impact probability is only 1 in 2,700. Beyond Bennu Of course, Bennu isn’t the only space rock that scientists worry about. Planetary defense is dedicated to identifying all asteroids that could potentially impact Earth in a meaningful way.

One aspect of that work is finding as many near-Earth asteroids as possible—scientists have cataloged more than 26,000 to date, according to NASA. But to accurately identify which asteroids might actually pose a risk, scientists need to be able to calculate as accurately as possible where a space rock’s trajectory will take it. That trajectory is based on existing observations of where an asteroid has been, of course, but scientists have known for years that factors like the Yarkovsky effect may be muddling their calculations. The new data from OSIRIS-REx quantifying that three-grape-heavy Yarkovsky effect should help scientists understand how the same effect shapes the trajectories of other asteroids as well, according to the researchers.

€œWe have been able for the first time to test our models on an asteroid trajectory to levels really never tried before,” Farnocchia said. €œThe results are valid in general for every other asteroid, we can apply these models and be confident that they’re extremely accurate.” The research is described in a paper published Tuesday (Aug. 10) in the journal Icarus. Copyright 2021 Space.com, a Future company.

All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.Leave your bank. Change the world. That’s the promise the Los Angeles-based financial firm Aspiration has used to entice millions of customers over the past six years.

The company’s pitch to climate-savvy consumers?. They can slash their carbon footprint by taking their dollars out of banking giants—which are deeply invested in fossil energy—and opt for its services instead. Launched in 2015, Aspiration offers savings accounts, debit cards, investment options and more. Some of those services, the company promises, come with perks for the planet.

For instance, every time a customer swipes their debit card, Aspiration says, it plants one tree. The approach has found an audience. Aspiration boasts more than 5 million clients, a number that’s more than doubled over the last year and a half. The financial technology company isn’t alone in its goal or message.

It’s among a modest—but growing—number of financial businesses that market their services as climate-friendly. As part of that movement, a wave of community banks, credit unions and regional lenders are denouncing Wall Street lenders’ contributions to climate change and offering consumers an alternative. These climate-focused firms vary widely in their approach and background. They differ in size and institution type, and have adopted a diverse set of models, business plans, focuses and theories of change.

But what they do share, sources say, is a collective vision for a lower-carbon economy—and a goal to capture a consumer base that’s growing increasingly concerned about the cash conduit between the financial sector and the world’s largest emitters. €œThis is one of the most talked-about issues right now among people who are thinking about banking with intentionality,” said Megan Hryndza, the CEO of Mighty Deposits, a website where consumers can search for banks that align with their values. €œEach of these are completely different financial providers, and so they’re all going to come at it a little bit differently,” Hryndza added. But ultimately, she said, “they’re all competing for green deposits.” A range of options, ‘a ton of marketing’ The green banking universe includes several different types of institutions, divided roughly by size.

At the top are midsize but mainstream lenders that are working to enter the sustainable banking space by adopting strict environmental lending policies and marketing themselves as an alternative to Wall Street firms. One step down, there are banks that are smaller, are oriented around sustainability and specialize in supporting progressive and climate-friendly projects, groups and causes. Then there are more local firms that provide financing to nearby communities and are generally too small to be doing business with fossil energy companies anyway. A fourth and final approach is by financial technology companies that aren’t technically banks but provide consumers with easy access to financial services that also happen to be climate-friendly.

€œA lot of the options probably fall into one of those four categories right now,” said Ivan Frishberg, an executive vice president and director of impact policy at Amalgamated Bank, a sustainability-focused firm based in New York. €œIt’s all good, and the more this moves the banking industry to be aligned with our sustainability needs, then that is great,” Frishberg added. €œBut it’s tough to be a consumer in this space because there’s just a ton of marketing.” Consider a few options. Bank of the West, a U.S.-based firm owned by banking giant BNP Paribas, is a notable example of the first category—mainstream lenders with an appetite for climate-conscious clients.

With nearly $100 billion in assets, the midsize firm says on its website that it’s “fundamentally different” from the four largest U.S. Investment banks, which it notes “finance 30% of all fossil fuel expansion globally.” Asked by E&E News what makes Bank of the West “fundamentally different,” Ben Stuart, the firm’s executive vice president and chief marketing officer, provided several examples. For starters, Stuart said the firm offers its clients a checking account that donates 1 percent of net revenues generated by the account to an environmental nonprofit and tracks the carbon footprint associated with each purchase. Also important, he added, is that the bank has “near zero exposure to fossil fuels.” (Environmental groups have taken issue with that claim on the grounds that BNP Paribas, the firm’s parent company, is one of the world’s largest banks—and green groups including Rainforest Action Network and the Sierra Club in March released a report on climate and banking naming it the 10th-largest fossil fuel financier.) But perhaps most important in Stuart’s eyes is that in comparison to other major U.S.

Firms, Bank of the West has implemented some of “the strongest environmental policies in terms of what we do and do not finance.” That includes policies that restrict or prohibit the company from financing coal-fired power plants, fracking wells, Arctic drilling, palm oil, tobacco, wood pulp and more. €œIf you look carefully at what large U.S. Banks are saying, you’ll see a lot of words like ‘pledge,’ ‘promise’ [and] ‘commitment,’” Stuart said. €œBut if you scratch and see what policies have been implemented, what type of governance exists, I think that is where it changes from being a perceptual battle to an operational reality.” Amalgamated—which is far smaller than Bank of the West—is a good example of the second category.

With approximately $6.6 billion in assets, the firm is the largest union-owned lender in the United States and calls itself “American’s socially responsible bank.” Amalgamated promises its customers that their deposits will never be used to finance major emitters. It also touts its clean energy portfolios and the financial services it provides for environmental organizations, progressive political campaigns and renewable energy projects. But according to Frishberg, what really sets the bank apart is its sustained advocacy for public and private initiatives that aim to address the financial system’s contributions to—and risks from—global warming. In recent years, Amalgamated has been credited with adapting to the North American market a climate finance-focused initiative that was originally based in the Netherlands.

The effort, which is called the “Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials,” aims to develop and spread a standard methodology that financial firms can use to measure the carbon emissions associated with their financing activities (Climatewire, March 31). €œOur ability to do things like put carbon accounting onto the map and build it into the financial system” is what makes Amalgamated “very comprehensively mission-aligned,” Frishberg said. Climate First Bank Then there are even smaller firms, including banks and credit unions, that are locally based, community-focused, fossil fuel-free and, in some cases, devoted to sustainability. €œThe expansion of the fossil fuel industry is driven by banks that are equipped to fund what are often global drillers,” said Hryndza of Mighty Deposits.

€œJust by sheer notion of how they’re structured, community banks can’t [do the same].” Take, for instance, Climate First Bank, which is based in St. Petersburg, Fla. The firm opened its doors in June, said it was carbon neutral on day one and aims to “become the most impactful bank contributing to the draw down of atmospheric CO2.” Ken LaRoe, the firm’s CEO, said in an interview that it’s still early but that the bank aims to provide run-of-the-mill financing to families and businesses in the surrounding community—as well as lending for “anything that will help reduce atmospheric CO2.” That could include solar and energy efficiency retrofits. Climate First Bank isn’t alone.

There are many small-scale lenders that have similar missions and, in some cases, marketing, such as the 11 U.S.-based firms that are members of the Global Alliance for Banking on Values, or GABV, a sustainability-focused industry group. But at the same time, there are other financial institutions that are similarly fossil fuel-free, but don’t market themselves that way, said Erin Sherman, a vice president of Ideas42, a nonprofit that helped launch an online tool to connect consumers with fossil fuel-free banks. €œFor example, most credit unions fit that criterion but don’t speak about themselves as a climate-friendly financial institution,” Sherman said. That can be the case, she added, because many community banks are underresourced and lack the technology necessary to provide sustainability-minded consumers with modern and accessible green banking options.

Which is where Aspiration can step in. The firm has all the same features of a traditional bank, even though it isn’t one itself. Instead, the financial technology company takes customer deposits and routes them through small community banks across the country that have been certified as fossil fuel-free. €œBut then we go further,” said Andrei Cherny, the company’s CEO.

Aspiration does so, he said in an interview, by providing customers with personal sustainability scores that monitor the climate impact of their purchases, in addition to various opportunities to offset the emissions associated with daily purchases and activities. When customers opt into the “Plant Your Change” service, for instance, Aspiration rounds up the value of each transaction made using the company’s debit card to the nearest dollar. The excess amount is then transferred to an account that is used to plant trees via partnerships with verified carbon credit and offset companies including Cool Effect and 3Degrees. According to both companies’ websites, their offerings come from carbon projects that have been certified by at least one of the major international carbon credit standards, such as the Gold Standard, Climate Action Reserve or the American Carbon Registry.

€œPeople are really looking for what they can do on a daily basis, how they can actually make a positive impact and do something that is at once easy but also meaningful,” Cherney said. €œAnd I think that’s why a lot of people are coming to Aspiration,” he added. €œIn five minutes, they’re able to move from whatever big bank checking or savings account they’re currently at that is almost certainly using a significant chunk of their deposits to fund oil and gas pipelines and drilling to an Aspiration account, where it’s guaranteed to be fossil fuel-free.” In Hryndza’s eyes, Aspiration’s model works because it closes the gap between climate-minded customers who want a modern banking experience, and fossil fuel-free banks that may not have the resources, technology or reason to market themselves as such. Aspiration is effectively “eliminating that technology question,” she said.

There is “evidence that this market is here, has been here for a while and is growing.” But what’s the impact?. Less certain is the extent to which demand for green banking—and the range of options popping up as a result—could curb the financial system’s contributions to climate change. €œThe GABV banks and the [financial technology companies], if you put all that stuff together, it’s not huge,” said Frishberg, of Amalgamated. €œSo, the question is.

Are we doing things that are really changing the way the banking system works?. € Seven bankers, experts and advocates interviewed for this story had a range of answers to that question. Most noted that the sustainable and fossil fuel-free banking space is largely composed of firms that are orders of magnitude smaller than traditional banks, some of which wield trillions of dollars in assets. And those major lenders, sources say, aren’t necessarily going to be pressured to cut ties with oil and gas firms just because customers are dropping them in exchange for a greener option.

€œThese really large financial institutions sometimes don’t make a lot of money from ordinary consumers’ deposit accounts,” said Sherman, of Ideas42. €œSo even if a given campaign or tool could help a lot of people move their money, if all they did was move their money, it might not have that much of an impact that would resound or echo or have secondary effects.” “But if a lot of people moved their money with some noise attached, the reputational dimension of that could be impactful,” Sherman added. €œNo great political or social change ever happens without that sense of a critical mass being reached.” Ben Cushing, who heads the Sierra Club’s finance campaign, echoed that point. He emphasized that when it comes to pushing a banking giant like JPMorgan Chase &.

Co. In a greener direction, the threat of losing retail customers could play a role, but it probably would not be the biggest factor. For that reason, he said, finance-focused environmentalists have used a wider range of strategies. Those include spearheading major petitions, making thousands of phone calls to Wall Street CEOs, protesting outside bank branches and headquarters, and asking members of the public to loudly switch their bank accounts.

In that way, Cushing said, advocates can be sure the largest fossil fuel financiers “feel pressure from customers, society at large and their shareholders and investors.” Frishberg agreed. As he sees it, advocates and climate-focused firms are both working to generate “a whole societal conversation about ... What is the license we gave to these banks and does it include funding this stuff that’s going to kill us. " “We’re trying to move the whole ecosystem,” he said.

Reprinted from E&E News with permission from POLITICO, LLC. Copyright 2021. E&E News provides essential news for energy and environment professionals..

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Drawing on peer-reviewed and grey literature, Powell et al argue the dominant narrative of personal self-care viagra benefits during the erectile dysfunction treatment viagra must be supplemented with a collectivist approach that addresses structural inequalities and fosters a more equitable society.Compliance with self-care and risk mitigation strategies to tackle erectile dysfunction treatment has been chequered in the UK, fuelled partly by social media hoaxes and misinformation, viagra denialism, and policy http://www.col-twinger-strasbourg.ac-strasbourg.fr/clubs/association-sportive/bilans-de-las/ leaders contravening their own public health messaging. Exploring individual non-compliance, and reflecting on wider societal inequities that can impact it, can help build critical normative resilience to future viagras.From the outset, erectile dysfunction treatment public health messaging was, and remains, primarily aimed at modifying individual lifestyles and behaviours to flatten the infectivity curve by viagra benefits following ‘common sense’ approaches captured by the hands–face–space mantra.1 A culture of practice and new social norms of acceptable behaviour subsequently emerged,2 with concordance premised on cooperation between the public and government. However, as the viagra worsened and movement restrictions continued, norms were contested by a small but vocal segment of society.This normative contestation was founded on conflict between individual agency, government paternalism and regulatory diktat, and echoed Kant’s epistemology of auism and viagra benefits the need to sacrifice individual liberties for the ‘greater good’. This conflict was exacerbated by multiple lockdowns that significantly impacted individuals’ viagra benefits daily lives, and dissidence within a post-Brexit body politic characterised by distrust of politicians3 and strong personal beliefs about rights, responsibilities and sovereignty.Émile Durkeim's sociological concept of anomie, however, widens our understanding further. Anomie characterises a dissolution or absence of established moral values, standards or mores that create a resulting normlessness.4 5 Discordance between personal and viagra benefits group norms—the absence of a shared social ethic—weakens communal bonds, impacting individual stress, frustration, anxiety, confusion and powerlessness.

During erectile dysfunction treatment, segments of society experienced powerlessness and loss of agency as daily routines were disrupted and further compounded by financial and mental distress as viagra benefits morbidity and mortality data dominated daily news headlines.A visible minority began disregarding public health messaging, challenging norms needed to ensure a successful preventative response to the viagra (eg, hoarding of restricted supermarket items). That such behaviour was limited to a relative minority neither undermines the existence of anomie—self-interest remains juxtaposed to collective duty—nor weakens the contestation of existing dominant normative paradigms.6 Contesting ideas can reach a tipping point of popularity, establishing a new dominant social norm.7 This can trigger detrimental behaviour (eg, for rates) if the once dominant paradigm supported laudable public health messaging.In addressing this threat, it is vital to reinforce public health messaging by bolstering the underpinning social norms. Durkheim’s remedy was moral education, by which the collective consciousness—shared knowledge, ideas, beliefs and attitudes—is nurtured by supporting the collectivist tendencies of individuals,8 which can be achieved by various means.9 viagra benefits While using injunctions against those who transgress (eg, monetary fines) can supplement positive public health measures, Durkheim crucially counselled that the imposition of norms does not bind individuals to the collective as strongly as consensus. Such a didactic approach can undermine solidarity, potentially nurturing a scapegoat culture that can exacerbate existing and historical inequities (eg, enforcing viagra benefits treatment uptake among ethnic minority populations).Indeed, disruption of the social order, and the emergence of new policy prescriptions to tackle the viagra, re-exposed chronic inequalities.10 11 ‘Stay at home’ advice had different connotations to a large segment of society. Those who were victims of domestic abuse, or struggling to pay the rent, provide for their family, viagra benefits or who could not afford broadband, a personal laptop or access to a garden.An effective public health strategy is a holistic one that creates an open and inclusive dialogue with diverse community groups to identify shared values.

This inclusive dialogue can help create a normative system that encourages the adoption and diffusion of initiatives addressing viagra benefits structural inequalities and injustices.Scrutiny of the UK’s response to erectile dysfunction treatment has made the case for self-care as a public health measure to tackle communicable diseases, while also highlighting its limitations vis-à-vis individual rights and responsibilities and extant structural inequalities. These challenges viagra benefits have not undermined the self-care agenda. Rather, they have highlighted the need to reinforce it, to shore up the normative elements that underpin it to ensure success.Although the sustained adoption of health-seeking behaviours is crucial, individual self-care alone is insufficient to tackle the viagra. Societal responsibility is also required whereby (1) individuals act in responsible and rational ways to prevent erectile dysfunction treatment spread until pharmacological interventions to prevent or manage the viagra become widely available and (2) communities and governing institutions work together to build a more equal viagra benefits society. In the UK, the current political climate is characterised by discourse in which individuals are viagra benefits the source of, and the solution to, social problems.

Policies and practices continue viagra benefits to focus on individual rather than collective responsibility. Both aspects need to be addressed when tackling national emergencies, including viagra benefits global viagras. As Durkheim recognised,12 social justice and equality are necessary to sustain solidarity—they are the bond connecting individuals in society that ensures stability and social order.Key messagesSelf-care has been, and continues to be, critical to tackling the erectile dysfunction treatment viagra.The concept of anomie—an uprooting, dissolution or absence of established moral values, guiding standards, or social mores, creating normlessness—cannot be overlooked when planning an viagra benefits integrated social response.The dominant narrative of personal self-care must be supplemented with a collectivist approach that addresses structural inequalities for the future.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.AcknowledgmentsRAP's and AE-O's independent contribution to this article is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Northwest London. The views expressed in this publication are those of RAP and AE-O and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care.The Global Burden of Disease Study reported that from 1990 to 2019, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) emerged as a leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in South Asians of both genders (15.2% of total DALYs in men and 11.9% in women).1 South Asia is largely rural with a population of approximately 1.2 billion people and projected to remain rural through to 2050, with a similar number of people.2 In 2014, the multi-country Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) cohort study found that rural South Asians experienced higher incidence rates for CVD mortality and morbidity (7.2 per 1000 person-years) compared with their urban counterparts (5.6 per 1000 person-years), from myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke.3 This is despite rural South Asians having a comparatively better CVD risk profile, an INTERHEART risk score of 7.6 compared with 9.1.3 Over the past 30 years (1985–2017), the increase in age-standardised mean body mass index (BMI) in the adult rural population has outpaced urban counterparts.4 It follows that ….

Drawing on order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor peer-reviewed and grey literature, Powell et al argue the dominant narrative of personal self-care during the erectile dysfunction treatment viagra must be supplemented with a collectivist approach that addresses structural inequalities and fosters a more equitable how much does viagra cost society.Compliance with self-care and risk mitigation strategies to tackle erectile dysfunction treatment has been chequered in the UK, fuelled partly by social media hoaxes and misinformation, viagra denialism, and policy leaders contravening their own public health messaging. Exploring individual non-compliance, and reflecting on wider societal inequities that can impact it, can help build critical normative resilience to future viagras.From order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor the outset, erectile dysfunction treatment public health messaging was, and remains, primarily aimed at modifying individual lifestyles and behaviours to flatten the infectivity curve by following ‘common sense’ approaches captured by the hands–face–space mantra.1 A culture of practice and new social norms of acceptable behaviour subsequently emerged,2 with concordance premised on cooperation between the public and government. However, as the viagra worsened and movement restrictions continued, norms order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor were contested by a small but vocal segment of society.This normative contestation was founded on conflict between individual agency, government paternalism and regulatory diktat, and echoed Kant’s epistemology of auism and the need to sacrifice individual liberties for the ‘greater good’.

This conflict was exacerbated by multiple lockdowns that significantly impacted individuals’ daily lives, and dissidence within a post-Brexit body politic characterised by distrust of politicians3 and strong personal beliefs about rights, responsibilities and sovereignty.Émile Durkeim's sociological concept of anomie, order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor however, widens our understanding further. Anomie characterises a dissolution or absence of established moral values, standards or mores that create a order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor resulting normlessness.4 5 Discordance between personal and group norms—the absence of a shared social ethic—weakens communal bonds, impacting individual stress, frustration, anxiety, confusion and powerlessness. During erectile dysfunction treatment, segments of society experienced powerlessness and loss of agency as daily routines were disrupted order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor and further compounded by financial and mental distress as morbidity and mortality data dominated daily news headlines.A visible minority began disregarding public health messaging, challenging norms needed to ensure a successful preventative response to the viagra (eg, hoarding of restricted supermarket items).

That such behaviour was limited to a relative minority neither undermines the existence of anomie—self-interest remains juxtaposed to collective duty—nor weakens the contestation of existing dominant normative paradigms.6 Contesting ideas can reach a tipping point of popularity, establishing a new dominant social norm.7 This can trigger detrimental behaviour (eg, for rates) if the once dominant paradigm supported laudable public health messaging.In addressing this threat, it is vital to reinforce public health messaging by bolstering the underpinning social norms. Durkheim’s remedy was moral education, by which the collective order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor consciousness—shared knowledge, ideas, beliefs and attitudes—is nurtured by supporting the collectivist tendencies of individuals,8 which can be achieved by various means.9 While using injunctions against those who transgress (eg, monetary fines) can supplement positive public health measures, Durkheim crucially counselled that the imposition of norms does not bind individuals to the collective as strongly as consensus. Such a didactic approach can undermine solidarity, potentially nurturing a scapegoat culture that can exacerbate existing and historical inequities (eg, enforcing treatment uptake among ethnic minority populations).Indeed, disruption of the social order, order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor and the emergence of new policy prescriptions to tackle the viagra, re-exposed chronic inequalities.10 11 ‘Stay at home’ advice had different connotations to a large segment of society.

Those who were victims of domestic abuse, or struggling to pay the rent, provide for their family, or who could not afford broadband, a personal laptop or access to a garden.An effective public health strategy is a holistic one that creates an open and inclusive dialogue with diverse order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor community groups to identify shared values. This inclusive dialogue can order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor help create a normative system that encourages the adoption and diffusion of initiatives addressing structural inequalities and injustices.Scrutiny of the UK’s response to erectile dysfunction treatment has made the case for self-care as a public health measure to tackle communicable diseases, while also highlighting its limitations vis-à-vis individual rights and responsibilities and extant structural inequalities. These challenges have not undermined the self-care order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor agenda.

Rather, they have highlighted the need to reinforce it, to shore up the normative elements that underpin it to ensure success.Although the sustained adoption of health-seeking behaviours is crucial, individual self-care alone is insufficient to tackle the viagra. Societal responsibility is also required whereby (1) individuals act in responsible and rational ways to prevent erectile dysfunction treatment spread until pharmacological interventions to prevent order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor or manage the viagra become widely available and (2) communities and governing institutions work together to build a more equal society. In the UK, the current political climate is characterised by discourse in which individuals are the source of, and the solution to, social problems order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor.

Policies and practices continue to focus on individual rather than order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor collective responsibility. Both aspects need to be addressed when tackling national emergencies, including global order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor viagras. As Durkheim recognised,12 social justice and equality are necessary to sustain solidarity—they are the bond connecting individuals in society that ensures stability and social order.Key messagesSelf-care has been, and continues to be, critical to tackling the erectile dysfunction treatment viagra.The concept of anomie—an uprooting, dissolution order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor or absence of established moral values, guiding standards, or social mores, creating normlessness—cannot be overlooked when planning an integrated social response.The dominant narrative of personal self-care must be supplemented with a collectivist approach that addresses structural inequalities for the future.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.AcknowledgmentsRAP's and AE-O's independent contribution to this article is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Northwest London.

The views expressed in this publication are those of RAP and AE-O and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care.The Global Burden of Disease Study reported that from 1990 to 2019, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) emerged as a leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in South Asians of both genders (15.2% of total DALYs in men and 11.9% in women).1 South Asia is largely rural with a population of approximately 1.2 billion people and projected to remain rural through to 2050, with a similar number of people.2 In 2014, the multi-country Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) cohort study found that rural South Asians experienced higher incidence rates for CVD mortality and morbidity (7.2 per 1000 person-years) compared with their urban counterparts (5.6 per 1000 person-years), from myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke.3 This is despite rural South Asians having a comparatively better CVD risk profile, an INTERHEART risk score of 7.6 compared with 9.1.3 Over the past 30 years (1985–2017), the increase in age-standardised mean body mass index (BMI) in the adult rural population has outpaced urban counterparts.4 It follows that ….

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At the start of field work viagra classification season, ecologist Jory Brinkerhoff usually advises his crew to watch out for summertime fevers. If you develop a fever at that time of year, he tells them, it’s probably not the flu, but a tick-borne illness.But this year, Brinkerhoff, who studies human risk for flea- and tick-transmitted diseases at the University of Richmond, didn’t know exactly what to tell his field crew. A fever in the middle of summer viagra classification 2020 could mean a tick-borne illness. Or, it could mean erectile dysfunction treatment.With the novel erectile dysfunction viagra still spreading across the country, some experts worry about the overlap between erectile dysfunction treatment and Lyme disease, which is caused by a bacterium carried by black-legged ticks.

While it’s too soon to know exactly how the viagra will affect Lyme disease rates this year, experts like Brinkerhoff wonder if more people spending time outside beating the quarantine blues could lead to more people being exposed to viagra classification disease-carrying ticks. Some overlapping symptoms might also lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment of Lyme, he notes. At the same time, weather patterns in some parts of the country may actually lead to fewer Lyme disease cases this year. No matter the broader trends, there are things anyone getting outside can do to viagra classification protect themselves from ticks.

Lyme Disease on the MoveOver the last few decades, Lyme disease has been on the rise in the United States. There are many overlapping reasons for this, says Brinkerhoff viagra classification. Awareness has gone up since the 1970s, when Lyme was first described in the U.S. Landscape changes like cutting forests and building suburbs near wooded areas has put humans in closer contact with ticks and tick-carrying animals.

Deer populations viagra classification have exploded in the last 100 years, he notes. And climate change is likely allowing ticks to spread to and thrive in new parts of the continent. This year, people have flocked viagra classification to the great outdoors to escape their home quarantines and engage in socially-distant fun. It’s possible that more people trying to get outside could mean more people exposed to ticks and, therefore, Lyme disease, says Brinkerhoff, who wrote an article in The Conversation on the issue earlier this year.

Animals have been behaving differently during the viagra as well, especially during the early days of lockdown, and it’s unclear if that could also have an effect on Lyme disease rates, he says.In some parts of the country, however, Lyme may be less of a concern this summer than it normally is. Maine is usually a Lyme hotspot in early summer, but unusually hot and dry weather this year may be keeping ticks close to the ground and away from human contact, says Robert P viagra classification. Smith Jr., an infectious disease physician and director of the division of infectious diseases at Maine Medical Center. While it’s too early to tell, Lyme disease rates in Maine could actually go down this summer as a result, he says.Overlapping SymptomsWith everyone rightfully concerned about erectile dysfunction treatment, Lyme disease likely isn’t viagra classification at the forefront of someone’s mind if they develop a fever.

Plus, about two-thirds of people with Lyme disease don’t remember being bitten by a tick, says Smith. Many who develop Lyme disease are bitten by poppy seed-sized immature ticks that can stay on the body unnoticed for two or three days before dropping off, he says.There is some overlap between erectile dysfunction treatment and Lyme disease symptoms that could cause confusion. In both cases, people usually develop a fever and muscle aches, says viagra classification Smith. He has heard secondhand about a few cases in Maine in which patients with these symptoms were first tested for erectile dysfunction treatment and were later found to have Lyme disease.However, there are some crucial differences between the two illnesses, Smith says.

The majority of people with symptomatic erectile dysfunction treatment will have a cough or shortness of breath, whereas Lyme disease generally has no respiratory component, says viagra classification Smith. erectile dysfunction treatment patients also have a higher risk for gastrointestinal issues, and Lyme patients do not. While not all people with Lyme disease develop a rash, 70 to 80 percent do, Smith notes. Rashes are not viagra classification common symptoms for erectile dysfunction treatment s.

Receiving an accurate diagnosis and relatively quick treatment can greatly reduce the severity of a Lyme disease . €œIt doesn’t have viagra classification to be immediate. If you think you might have Lyme disease, you need to get diagnosed with a week or so,” says Smith. €œThat’s usually very early in the disease and you can expect an excellent response to antibiotic treatment.” Delaying treatment by a couple of weeks can lead to more serious complications, including nerve-related symptoms, Lyme meningitis, facial muscle weakness (Bell’s palsy), Lyme arthritis and other conditions, he says.

While antibiotics are still effective at this stage, it tends to viagra classification take longer to fully recover.Fortunately, for anyone concerned about safe outdoor excursions here and now, there are several practical steps you can take to avoid ticks. Use insect repellant and wear protective layers. Stick to the path instead viagra classification of straying into dense underbrush, says Smith. When you return from an adventure, put your clothes in the washer and check yourself for ticks.

And if you do start to feel feverish a few days later, call your doctor and be sure to mention you’ve been spending time outside..

At the start of field order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor work season, ecologist Jory Brinkerhoff usually advises Levitra for sale in canada his crew to watch out for summertime fevers. If you develop a fever at that time of year, he tells them, it’s probably not the flu, but a tick-borne illness.But this year, Brinkerhoff, who studies human risk for flea- and tick-transmitted diseases at the University of Richmond, didn’t know exactly what to tell his field crew. A fever order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor in the middle of summer 2020 could mean a tick-borne illness. Or, it could mean erectile dysfunction treatment.With the novel erectile dysfunction viagra still spreading across the country, some experts worry about the overlap between erectile dysfunction treatment and Lyme disease, which is caused by a bacterium carried by black-legged ticks. While it’s too soon to know exactly how the viagra will affect Lyme disease rates this year, experts like Brinkerhoff wonder if more people spending time outside beating the quarantine blues could lead to order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor more people being exposed to disease-carrying ticks.

Some overlapping symptoms might also lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment of Lyme, he notes. At the same time, weather patterns in some parts of the country may actually lead to fewer Lyme disease cases this year. No matter the broader trends, there are things anyone getting outside order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor can do to protect themselves from ticks. Lyme Disease on the MoveOver the last few decades, Lyme disease has been on the rise in the United States. There are many overlapping reasons for this, order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor says Brinkerhoff.

Awareness has gone up since the 1970s, when Lyme was first described in the U.S. Landscape changes like cutting forests and building suburbs near wooded areas has put humans in closer contact with ticks and tick-carrying animals. Deer populations have exploded in the order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor last 100 years, he notes. And climate change is likely allowing ticks to spread to and thrive in new parts of the continent. This year, people have flocked to the great outdoors to escape their order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor home quarantines and engage in socially-distant fun.

It’s possible that more people trying to get outside could mean more people exposed to ticks and, therefore, Lyme disease, says Brinkerhoff, who wrote an article in The Conversation on the issue earlier this year. Animals have been behaving differently during the viagra as well, especially during the early days of lockdown, and it’s unclear if that could also have an effect on Lyme disease rates, he says.In some parts of the country, however, Lyme may be less of a concern this summer than it normally is. Maine is usually a Lyme hotspot in early summer, but unusually hot and dry weather this year may be keeping ticks close to the ground and order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor away from human contact, says Robert P. Smith Jr., an infectious disease physician and director of the division of infectious diseases at Maine Medical Center. While it’s too order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor early to tell, Lyme disease rates in Maine could actually go down this summer as a result, he says.Overlapping SymptomsWith everyone rightfully concerned about erectile dysfunction treatment, Lyme disease likely isn’t at the forefront of someone’s mind if they develop a fever.

Plus, about two-thirds of people with Lyme disease don’t remember being bitten by a tick, says Smith. Many who develop Lyme disease are bitten by poppy seed-sized immature ticks that can stay on the body unnoticed for two or three days before dropping off, he says.There is some overlap between erectile dysfunction treatment and Lyme disease symptoms that could cause confusion. In both cases, people order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor usually develop a fever and muscle aches, says Smith. He has heard secondhand about a few cases in Maine in which patients with these symptoms were first tested for erectile dysfunction treatment and were later found to have Lyme disease.However, there are some crucial differences between the two illnesses, Smith says. The majority of people with symptomatic erectile dysfunction treatment will have a cough or shortness of breath, whereas Lyme disease order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor generally has no respiratory component, says Smith.

erectile dysfunction treatment patients also have a higher risk for gastrointestinal issues, and Lyme patients do not. While not all people with Lyme disease develop a rash, 70 to 80 percent do, Smith notes. Rashes are not common symptoms for order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor erectile dysfunction treatment s. Receiving an accurate diagnosis and relatively quick treatment can greatly reduce the severity of a Lyme disease . €œIt doesn’t have to be immediate order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor.

If you think you might have Lyme disease, you need to get diagnosed with a week or so,” says Smith. €œThat’s usually very early in the disease and you can expect an excellent response to antibiotic treatment.” Delaying treatment by a couple of weeks can lead to more serious complications, including nerve-related symptoms, Lyme meningitis, facial muscle weakness (Bell’s palsy), Lyme arthritis and other conditions, he says. While antibiotics are still effective order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor at this stage, it tends to take longer to fully recover.Fortunately, for anyone concerned about safe outdoor excursions here and now, there are several practical steps you can take to avoid ticks. Use insect repellant and wear protective layers. Stick to the path instead of straying into dense order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor underbrush, says Smith.

When you return from an adventure, put your clothes in the washer and check yourself for ticks. And if you do start to feel feverish a few days later, call your doctor and be sure to mention you’ve been spending time outside..

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Scientists have used fibre-optic sensing viagra cialis levitra to obtain the most detailed measurements of ice properties ever taken on the official statement Greenland Ice Sheet. Their findings will be used to make more accurate models of the future movement of the world's second-largest ice sheet, as the effects of climate change continue to accelerate.The research team, led by the University of Cambridge, used a new technique in which laser pulses are transmitted in a fibre-optic cable to obtain highly detailed temperature measurements from the surface of the ice sheet all the way to the base, more than 1000 metres below.In contrast to previous studies, which measured temperature from separate sensors located tens or even hundreds of metres apart, the viagra cialis levitra new approach allows temperature to be measured along the entire length of a fibre-optic cable installed in a deep borehole. The result is a highly detailed profile of temperature, which controls how fast ice deforms and ultimately how fast the ice sheet flows.The temperature of ice sheets was thought to vary as a smooth gradient, with the warmest sections on the surface where the sun hits, and at the base where it's warmed by geothermal energy and friction as the ice sheet grinds across the subglacial landscape toward the ocean.The new study found instead that the temperature distribution is far more heterogenous, with areas of highly localised deformation warming the ice further. This deformation is concentrated at the boundaries between ice of different viagra cialis levitra ages and types. Although the exact cause of this deformation remains unknown, it may be due to dust in the ice from past volcanic eruptions or large fractures which penetrate several hundred metres below the surface of the ice.

The results are reported in the journal Science Advances.Mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased sixfold since the viagra cialis levitra 1980s and is now the single largest contributor to global sea-level rise. Around half of this mass loss is from surface meltwater runoff, while the other half is driven by discharge of ice directly into the ocean by fast flowing glaciers that reach the sea. advertisement In order to determine how the ice is moving and the thermodynamic processes at work within a glacier, accurate ice temperature viagra cialis levitra measurements are essential. Conditions on the surface can be detected by satellites or field observations in a relatively straightforward way. However, determining what is happening at the base of the kilometre thick ice sheet is far more challenging to observe, and a lack of observations is a major cause of uncertainty in projections of global sea-level rise.The RESPONDER project, funded by the European Research Council, is addressing this problem using hot-water drilling technology to bore through Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier) and directly study the environment at the base of one of Greenland's largest glaciers."We normally take measurements within the ice sheet by attaching sensors to a cable that viagra cialis levitra we lower into a drilled borehole, but the observations we've made so far weren't giving us a complete picture of what's happening," said co-author Dr Poul Christoffersen from the Scott Polar Research Institute who leads the RESPONDER project.

"The more precise data we are able to gather, the clearer we can make that picture, which in turn will help us make more accurate predictions for the future of the ice sheet.""With typical sensing methods, we can only attach about a dozen sensors onto the cable, so the measurements are very spaced out," said first author Robert Law, a PhD candidate at the Scott Polar Research Institute. "But by using a fibre-optic cable instead, essentially the whole cable viagra cialis levitra becomes a sensor, so we can get precise measurements from the surface all the way to the base."To install the cable, the scientists had to first drill through the glacier, a process led by Professor Bryn Hubbard and Dr Samuel Doyle from Aberystwyth University. After lowering the cable into the borehole, the team transmitted laser pulses in the cable, and then recorded the distortions in the scattering of light in the cable, which vary depending on the temperature of the surrounding ice. Engineers at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and geophysicists at the University of viagra cialis levitra Leeds assisted with data collection and analysis. advertisement "This technology is a big advance in our ability to record spatial variations in ice temperature over long distances and at really high resolution.

With some further adaptations, the technique can also record other properties, such as deformation, at similarly high resolution," said Hubbard."Overall, our readings paint a picture that's far more viagra cialis levitra varied than what current theory and models predict," said Christoffersen. "We found temperature to be strongly influenced by the deformation of ice in bands and at the boundaries between different types of ice. And this shows there are limitations viagra cialis levitra in many models, including our own."The researchers found three layers of ice in the glacier. The thickest layer consists of cold and stiff ice which formed over the last 10,000 years. Below, they found older ice from the last ice age, which is softer and more viagra cialis levitra deformable due to dust trapped in the ice.

What surprised the researchers the most, however, was a layer of warm ice more than 70 metres thick at the bottom of the glacier. "We know this type of warm ice from far warmer Alpine environments, but here the glacier is producing the heat by deforming itself," said Law."With viagra cialis levitra these observations, we are starting to better understand why the Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass so quickly and why discharge of ice is such a prominent mechanism of ice loss," said Christoffersen.One of the major limitations in our understanding of climate change is tied to the behaviour of glaciers and ice sheets. The new data will allow the researchers to improve their models of how the Greenland Ice Sheet is currently moving, how it may move in the future, and what that this will mean for global sea-level rise.The research was funded in part by the European Union.People with a high polygenic risk score for colorectal cancer could benefit more at preventing the disease by leading healthy lifestyles than those at lower genetic risk, according to a study by Vanderbilt researchers published in the April issue of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.Analyzing data from participants in the UK Biobank, the researchers estimated that maintaining a healthy lifestyle was associated with a nearly 40% reduction in colorectal cancer risk among those with a high genetic risk of developing the disease. The percentage dropped to only about 25% among people at a low genetic viagra cialis levitra risk for this cancer. People with a high genetic risk and an unhealthy lifestyle were more than three times as likely to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer than those with a low genetic risk and a healthy lifestyle."Results from this study could be useful to design personalized prevention strategies for colorectal cancer prevention," said Wei Zheng, MD, PhD, MPH, Anne Potter Wilson Professor of Medicine and associate director for Population Sciences Research at Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC).In the analysis, lifestyle scores of unhealthy, intermediate and healthy were determined according to waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, sedentary time, processed and red meat intake, vegetable and fruit intake, alcohol consumption and tobacco use.

Polygenic risk viagra cialis levitra scores are used to measure how to order viagra online genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Vanderbilt researchers constructed polygenic risk scores using genetic variants associated with colorectal cancer risk identified in recent viagra cialis levitra large genetic studies including more than 120,000 study participants. They also constructed polygenetic risk scores for several other common cancers in research that was published last year in JNCI Cancer Spectrum.The recently published study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is one of the few that quantifies potential interactions of overall lifestyle with genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Story Source viagra cialis levitra. Materials provided by Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

Original written by Tom viagra cialis levitra Wilemon. Note. Content may be edited for style and length.A simple surgery saves patients with heart arrhythmia from often-lethal strokes, says a large international study led by McMaster University.Researchers found that removing the left atrial appendage -- an unused, finger-like tissue that can trap blood in the heart chamber and increase the risk of clots -- cuts the viagra cialis levitra risk of strokes by more than one-third in patients with atrial fibrillation.Even better, the reduced clotting risk comes on top of any other benefits conferred by blood-thinner medications patients with this condition are usually prescribed."If you have atrial fibrillation and are undergoing heart surgery, the surgeon should be removing your left atrial appendage, because it is a set-up for forming clots. Our trial has shown this to be both safe and effective for stroke prevention," said Richard Whitlock, first author of the study."This is going to have a positive impact on tens of thousands of patients globally."Whitlock is a scientist at the Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), a joint institute of McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS). A professor of surgery at McMaster, the Canada Research Chair in cardiovascular surgical trials, a cardiac surgeon for HHS, and is supported by a viagra cialis levitra Heart and Stroke Foundation career award.

advertisement The co-principal investigator of the study is Stuart Connolly who has also advanced this field by establishing the efficacy and safety of newer blood thinners. He is a professor emeritus of medicine at McMaster, a viagra cialis levitra PHRI senior scientist and a HHS cardiologist."The results of this study will change practice right away because this procedure is simple, quick and safe for the 15 per cent of heart surgery patients who have atrial fibrillation. This will prevent a great burden of suffering due to stroke," Connolly said.The study results were fast tracked into publication by The New England Journal of Medicine and presented at the American College of Cardiology conference today.The study tracked 4,811 people in 27 countries who are living with atrial fibrillation and taking blood thinners. Consenting patients undertaking cardiopulmonary bypass surgery were randomly selected for the additional left atrial appendage occlusion viagra cialis levitra surgery. Their outcomes compared with those who only took medicine.

They were all followed for a median of four years.Whitlock said it was suspected since the viagra cialis levitra 1940s that blood clots can form in the left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation, and it made sense to cut this useless structure off if the heart was exposed for other surgery. This is now proven to be true. advertisement Atrial fibrillation is common in elderly people and is responsible for about 25 per cent of ischemic strokes which are caused when blood clots block arteries viagra cialis levitra supplying parts of the brain. The average age of patients in the study was 71."In the past all we had was medicine. Now we can treat atrial fibrillation with both medicines and surgery to ensure a much better outcome," said Whitlock.He said that the current study tested the procedure during cardiac surgery being undertaken for other reasons, but the procedure viagra cialis levitra can also be done through less invasive methods for patients not having heart surgery.

He added that future studies to examine that approach will be important.Whitlock said the left atrial appendage is a leftover from how a person's heart forms as an embryo and it has little function later in life."This is an inexpensive procedure that is safe, without any long-term adverse effects, and the impact is long-term."External funding for the study came from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Story Source viagra cialis levitra. Materials provided by McMaster University. Note. Content may be edited for style and length..

Scientists have used fibre-optic sensing to obtain the most http://www.ec-saint-thomas-strasbourg.ac-strasbourg.fr/wp/?p=1849 detailed measurements of ice properties ever taken on the Greenland order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor Ice Sheet. Their findings will be used to make more accurate models of the future movement of the world's second-largest ice sheet, as the effects of climate change continue to accelerate.The research team, led by the University of Cambridge, used a new technique in which laser pulses are transmitted in a fibre-optic cable to obtain highly detailed temperature measurements from the surface of the ice sheet all the way to the base, more than 1000 metres below.In contrast to previous studies, which measured temperature from separate sensors order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor located tens or even hundreds of metres apart, the new approach allows temperature to be measured along the entire length of a fibre-optic cable installed in a deep borehole. The result is a highly detailed profile of temperature, which controls how fast ice deforms and ultimately how fast the ice sheet flows.The temperature of ice sheets was thought to vary as a smooth gradient, with the warmest sections on the surface where the sun hits, and at the base where it's warmed by geothermal energy and friction as the ice sheet grinds across the subglacial landscape toward the ocean.The new study found instead that the temperature distribution is far more heterogenous, with areas of highly localised deformation warming the ice further.

This deformation is concentrated at the boundaries between ice of different ages order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor and types. Although the exact cause of this deformation remains unknown, it may be due to dust in the ice from past volcanic eruptions or large fractures which penetrate several hundred metres below the surface of the ice. The results are order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor reported in the journal Science Advances.Mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased sixfold since the 1980s and is now the single largest contributor to global sea-level rise.

Around half of this mass loss is from surface meltwater runoff, while the other half is driven by discharge of ice directly into the ocean by fast flowing glaciers that reach the sea. advertisement In order to determine how order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor the ice is moving and the thermodynamic processes at work within a glacier, accurate ice temperature measurements are essential. Conditions on the surface can be detected by satellites or field observations in a relatively straightforward way.

However, determining what is happening at the base of the kilometre thick ice sheet is far more challenging to observe, and a lack of observations is a major cause of uncertainty in projections of global sea-level rise.The RESPONDER project, funded by the European Research Council, is addressing this problem using hot-water drilling technology to bore through Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier) and directly study the environment at the base of one of Greenland's largest glaciers."We normally take measurements within order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor the ice sheet by attaching sensors to a cable that we lower into a drilled borehole, but the observations we've made so far weren't giving us a complete picture of what's happening," said co-author Dr Poul Christoffersen from the Scott Polar Research Institute who leads the RESPONDER project. "The more precise data we are able to gather, the clearer we can make that picture, which in turn will help us make more accurate predictions for the future of the ice sheet.""With typical sensing methods, we can only attach about a dozen sensors onto the cable, so the measurements are very spaced out," said first author Robert Law, a PhD candidate at the Scott Polar Research Institute. "But by using a fibre-optic cable instead, essentially the whole cable becomes a sensor, so we can get precise measurements from the surface all the way to the base."To install the cable, the scientists had to order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor first drill through the glacier, a process led by Professor Bryn Hubbard and Dr Samuel Doyle from Aberystwyth University.

After lowering the cable into the borehole, the team transmitted laser pulses in the cable, and then recorded the distortions in the scattering of light in the cable, which vary depending on the temperature of the surrounding ice. Engineers at Delft University order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor of Technology in the Netherlands and geophysicists at the University of Leeds assisted with data collection and analysis. advertisement "This technology is a big advance in our ability to record spatial variations in ice temperature over long distances and at really high resolution.

With some further adaptations, the technique can also record other properties, such as deformation, at similarly high resolution," said Hubbard."Overall, our readings paint a picture that's far more varied than what current theory and models predict," said order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor Christoffersen. "We found temperature to be strongly influenced by the deformation of ice in bands and at the boundaries between different types of ice. And this shows there are order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor limitations in many models, including our own."The researchers found three layers of ice in the glacier.

The thickest layer consists of cold and stiff ice which formed over the last 10,000 years. Below, they found older ice from the last ice age, which is softer and more order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor deformable due to dust trapped in the ice. What surprised the researchers the most, however, was a layer of warm ice more than 70 metres thick at the bottom of the glacier.

"We know this type of warm ice from far warmer Alpine environments, but here the glacier is producing the heat by deforming itself," said Law."With these observations, we are starting to better understand why the Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass so quickly and why discharge of order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor ice is such a prominent mechanism of ice loss," said Christoffersen.One of the major limitations in our understanding of climate change is tied to the behaviour of glaciers and ice sheets. The new data will allow the researchers to improve their models of how the Greenland Ice Sheet is currently moving, how it may move in the future, and what that this will mean for global sea-level rise.The research was funded in part by the European Union.People with a high polygenic risk score for colorectal cancer could benefit more at preventing the disease by leading healthy lifestyles than those at lower genetic risk, according to a study by Vanderbilt researchers published in the April issue of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.Analyzing data from participants in the UK Biobank, the researchers estimated that maintaining a healthy lifestyle was associated with a nearly 40% reduction in colorectal cancer risk among those with a high genetic risk of developing the disease. The percentage dropped to only about 25% order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor among people at a low genetic risk for this cancer.

People with a high genetic risk and an unhealthy lifestyle were more than three times as likely to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer than those with a low genetic risk and a healthy lifestyle."Results from this study could be useful to design personalized prevention strategies for colorectal cancer prevention," said Wei Zheng, MD, PhD, MPH, Anne Potter Wilson Professor of Medicine and associate director for Population Sciences Research at Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC).In the analysis, lifestyle scores of unhealthy, intermediate and healthy were determined according to waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, sedentary time, processed and red meat intake, vegetable and fruit intake, alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Polygenic risk order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor scores are used to measure genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Vanderbilt researchers constructed polygenic risk scores using genetic variants associated with colorectal cancer risk identified order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor in recent large genetic studies including more than 120,000 study participants.

They also constructed polygenetic risk scores for several other common cancers in research that was published last year in JNCI Cancer Spectrum.The recently published study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is one of the few that quantifies potential interactions of overall lifestyle with genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Story Source order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor. Materials provided by Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

Original written order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor by Tom Wilemon. Note. Content may be edited for style and length.A simple surgery saves patients with heart arrhythmia from often-lethal strokes, says a large international study led by McMaster University.Researchers found that removing the left atrial appendage -- an unused, finger-like tissue that can trap blood in the order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor heart chamber and increase the risk of clots -- cuts the risk of strokes by more than one-third in patients with atrial fibrillation.Even better, the reduced clotting risk comes on top of any other benefits conferred by blood-thinner medications patients with this condition are usually prescribed."If you have atrial fibrillation and are undergoing heart surgery, the surgeon should be removing your left atrial appendage, because it is a set-up for forming clots.

Our trial has shown this to be both safe and effective for stroke prevention," said Richard Whitlock, first author of the study."This is going to have a positive impact on tens of thousands of patients globally."Whitlock is a scientist at the Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), a joint institute of McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS). A professor of surgery at McMaster, the Canada Research Chair in cardiovascular surgical trials, a cardiac surgeon for order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor HHS, and is supported by a Heart and Stroke Foundation career award. advertisement The co-principal investigator of the study is Stuart Connolly who has also advanced this field by establishing the efficacy and safety of newer blood thinners.

He is a professor emeritus of medicine at McMaster, a PHRI senior scientist and a HHS cardiologist."The results of this study will change practice right away because this procedure is simple, quick and safe for the 15 per cent of heart surgery order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor patients who have atrial fibrillation. This will prevent a great burden of suffering due to stroke," Connolly said.The study results were fast tracked into publication by The New England Journal of Medicine and presented at the American College of Cardiology conference today.The study tracked 4,811 people in 27 countries who are living with atrial fibrillation and taking blood thinners. Consenting patients undertaking cardiopulmonary bypass surgery were randomly selected order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor for the additional left atrial appendage occlusion surgery.

Their outcomes compared with those who only took medicine. They were all followed for a median of four years.Whitlock said it was suspected since the 1940s that blood clots can form in the left order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation, and it made sense to cut this useless structure off if the heart was exposed for other surgery. This is now proven to be true.

advertisement Atrial fibrillation is common in elderly people and is responsible for about 25 order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor per cent of ischemic strokes which are caused when blood clots block arteries supplying parts of the brain. The average age of patients in the study was 71."In the past all we had was medicine. Now we can treat atrial fibrillation with both medicines and surgery to ensure a much better outcome," said Whitlock.He said that the current study tested the procedure during cardiac surgery being undertaken for other reasons, but the procedure can also be done through less invasive methods for patients not having heart surgery order generic viagrahow to get viagra without a doctor.

He added that future studies to examine that approach will be important.Whitlock said the left atrial appendage is a leftover from how a person's heart forms as an embryo and it has little function later in life."This is an inexpensive procedure that is safe, without any long-term adverse effects, and the impact is long-term."External funding for the study came from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Story Source. Materials provided by McMaster University.

Note. Content may be edited for style and length..